Name
Evapotranspiration across the rain-snow transition zone
Date & Time
Tuesday, May 9, 2023, 10:15 AM - 10:30 AM
Description
Watersheds within the rain–snow transition rely on winter precipitation in the form of rain in low elevations, a mix of rain and snow in mid elevations and snow in the high elevations. The elevation of the rain–snow transition zone depends on temperature and humidity, and thus varying by region, latitude, and storm event. In the Western U.S. mid-latitude regions, the rain–snow transition zone ranges from 1000-2000 m. Warming temperatures have resulted in a declining fraction of wintertime precipitation falling as snow potentially shifting the rain–snow transition and hydrologic regime. The watershed scale variability of ET is a product of the variability of snow processes and terrain controlling the complex interaction with soil moisture availability, and energy demand. In this study, we assess how ET and growing season length vary across five sites on an elevational gradient in the Dry Creek Watershed, ID, USA. We compared trends of daily and annual ET between 2012 and 2017 to environmental parameters of soil moisture, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, snow cover, and precipitation and evaluate how ET varies between sites and what influences annual ET at each site. We observed three trends in ET across the watershed. The first trend is at the low elevation site where the snow cover is not continuous throughout the winter and rain is the dominant precipitation form. The first day of the growing season and ET occurs early in the season when the energy demand is low and soil water is available. Annual ET at the low elevation site is a balance between spring precipitation providing soil water into the summer season and limiting the ET energy demand. The second trend occurs at the middle elevation site located in the rain-snow transition. At this site, ET increases with snow depth and spring precipitation extending the soil water availability into the summer season. At the higher elevation sites, ET is aligned with the energy demand and limited by growing season length. At the high elevation sites, decreasing snow depth and spring precipitation and increasing spring air temperatures result in greater annual ET rates. The observations from this study highlight the influence of environmental parameters and the potential sensitivity of ET to climate change.
Abstract
Watersheds within the rain–snow transition rely on winter precipitation in the form of rain in low elevations, a mix of rain and snow in mid elevations and snow in the high elevations. The elevation of the rain–snow transition zone depends on temperature and humidity, and thus varying by region, latitude, and storm event. In the Western U.S. mid-latitude regions, the rain–snow transition zone ranges from 1000-2000 m. Warming temperatures have resulted in a declining fraction of wintertime precipitation falling as snow potentially shifting the rain–snow transition and hydrologic regime. The watershed scale variability of ET is a product of the variability of snow processes and terrain controlling the complex interaction with soil moisture availability, and energy demand. In this study, we assess how ET and growing season length vary across five sites on an elevational gradient in the Dry Creek Watershed, ID, USA. We compared trends of daily and annual ET between 2012 and 2017 to environmental parameters of soil moisture, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, snow cover, and precipitation and evaluate how ET varies between sites and what influences annual ET at each site. We observed three trends in ET across the watershed. The first trend is at the low elevation site where the snow cover is not continuous throughout the winter and rain is the dominant precipitation form. The first day of the growing season and ET occurs early in the season when the energy demand is low and soil water is available. Annual ET at the low elevation site is a balance between spring precipitation providing soil water into the summer season and limiting the ET energy demand. The second trend occurs at the middle elevation site located in the rain-snow transition. At this site, ET increases with snow depth and spring precipitation extending the soil water availability into the summer season. At the higher elevation sites, ET is aligned with the energy demand and limited by growing season length. At the high elevation sites, decreasing snow depth and spring precipitation and increasing spring air temperatures result in greater annual ET rates. The observations from this study highlight the influence of environmental parameters and the potential sensitivity of ET to climate change.
Session Type
Breakout Session