This session is open to all aspects of geodesy and geodynamics that are not covered by other sessions. This includes innovations in reference systems, gravity field and geoid modelling, positioning, navigation, and timing through a range of ground and space geodetic techniques including but not limited to gravimetry, GNSS and inertial positioning, as well as combinations of geodetic observations and applications of geodetic measurements. Investigations into interpretation and application of the geodetic signal as a tool for understanding Earth’s rotation and polar motion; precise orbit determination; and analysis or prediction of ocean, atmosphere and internal processes of the Earth; or geodynamic processes and deformation at various scales; are also encouraged. Submissions dealing with practical applications of geodetic techniques in engineering or navigation are within the scope of this session.