Arctic environmental change is increasingly examined through climate observations, ecological monitoring, biodiversity research, remote sensing and Earth system science. Yet these approaches represent only particular ways of knowing complex relationships between people, animals, landscapes and the Earth. Indigenous knowledge systems offer complementary perspectives grounded in long-term relationships with specific environments, cultural memory, spatial knowledge, ecological classification, subsistence practices, mythology and spiritual understandings of the natural world. This interdisciplinary session brings Sámi and Gwich’in perspectives into dialogue with contemporary Earth and environmental sciences. Particular attention is given to the culturally and spiritually embedded processes through which environmental knowledge is generated, interpreted and transmitted, and to the relationships between cosmology, land, animals and human societies. The session asks how understanding these underlying knowledge structures can contribute to interpreting contemporary environmental change. Rather than treating Indigenous knowledge simply as an additional source of observational data, the session explores how different epistemological frameworks may reveal different dimensions of Arctic environmental processes. Historical and culturally embedded understandings of relationships between humans, reindeer/caribou, landscapes and seasonal cycles can provide important contexts for examining contemporary changes in animal movements, habitats, biodiversity and climate. Contributions may address Sámi and Gwich’in knowledge systems, reindeer/caribou ecology, biodiversity, geography, landscape processes, climate change, remote sensing and other Earth-system approaches. The session will specifically encourage dialogue between these disciplines and perspectives. The overarching question is how different ways of knowing the Arctic can be brought into meaningful scientific dialogue, and how such knowledge integration may contribute to understanding environmental change, adaptive capacity and climate resilience in the Arctic.