Canada extends across more than 9 million sq km, with tundra, forest, grassland and agricultural lands making up over 99% of the landcover. It has been estimated that Canada’s boreal forest holds approximately 10-12% of the world’s terrestrial carbon stocks. About 20% of the world’s soil carbon stock are held in Canada’s soils. Given its stated commitment to net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, the potential role that nature-based carbon sequestration might play in meeting this goal is an important question. In response, the Government of Canada commissioned the Council of Canadian Academies to provide an expert panel assessment of potential nature-based climate solutions (NBCSs) in Canada. The author chaired the panel which included fourteen scholars from across Canada, providing a vital confluence of expertise, ranging from terrestrial and aquatic systems, forestry, agriculture, Indigenous resource and land management, and economics. The focus was upon NBCSs for carbon sequestration that that would not be realized in the absence of targeted NBCSs programs. The panel also considered trade-offs and co-benefits related to different NBCSs. Although considerable uncertainty persists in current and future carbon sequestration rates, it is likely that NBCSs could reduce Canada’s current net greenhouse gas emission by about 6% - roughly equivalent to current emissions from the generation of electricity. Nature-based solutions also often provide important co-benefits in terms of biodiversity, ecosystem services and contributing to reconciliation with Indigenous peoples. Importantly, implementation of nature-based carbon solutions could also mitigate potential releases of the vast carbon stores found in Canada’s aboveground biomass and soils.